Telephone Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Telephone - Assignment Example Especially, unidentified information received should be treated with a lot of care even though it might be discouraging material. A plan should be developed to help first decision makers in performing on their judgments (Croft, 2001). Also workers assigned to find out should have the knowhow on how to be secretive with the information. In addition, sources from which the information is to be collected should be given notice: subjects whose data is being collected should be become aware of such collection. This is to certify that the source was willing to share the collected information without being forced, pressed or intimidated (Croft, 2001). Data collected should also be used for the intended purpose only Also personal data should not be given out to the third parties without notifying the source, this would lead to terminating the information on the basis of secrecy. The data collected from conversation should be kept as agreed on by the source (Croft, 2001). This enhances confidentiality of the information. Finally, the information collected should be kept secured from abuse, loss or theft. This could lead to failure of prime purpose why data was collected. Information should be kept of bound from suspicious people to maintain its validity (Croft, 2001). Security should therefore be the taken with seriousness to avoid any information from sipping to irrelevant

Sale Transaction Essay Example for Free

Sale Transaction Essay Scholarly accounts narrate of a sale transaction between the early 17th century Dutch settlers in Manhattan (Island Manhattes then) and the Indians occupying the island. In the article written by Francis (n.d.), the sale transaction took place in August 10, 1626 (381 years ago), and amounted to 60 guilders (E.B. OCallaghan, ed. 1856 Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Albany. Vol. 1, p. 37, as reported in Francis, n.d.). The payment was actually in beads and trinkets but was assumed to amount to 60 guilders. An article in The Straight Dope and a paper presentation of Banner (2001) estimated 60 guilders to be around $24 based on the times currency exchange rate. The question is to compute how much that money is worth today had that amount been deposited in a Savings and Loan organization, and earned 5% rate compounded quarterly. Compound interest formula: M = P (1 + i) ^ n where M is the final amount including the principal (unknown), P is the principal amount ($24), i is the rate of interest per year (5%), and n is the number of years invested (381). Since the interest is to be compounded quarterly, i will be changed to 1.25% (per quarter), and n will be changed to 1,524 (quarters in 381 years). Hence,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M   Ã‚   = P (1 + i) ^ n   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $24 (1 + 1.25%) ^ 1,524.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $4,001,656,783.35 à   the present amount of $24 in 1626 given the above conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the same amount of money will be deposited continuously in the same amount of time (i.e., present + 381 years or 1,524 more quarters – this is the year 2388), the new given would be:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M   Ã‚   = P (1 + i) ^ n   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $24 (1 + 1.25%) ^ 3,048.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $ 667,219,042,156,319,000.00 à   the year 2388 amount of $24 in 1626 given the above. References: Banner, S. 2001. Manhattan for $24: American Indian Land Sales, 1607-1763 (Paper presentation at the John M. Olin Center for Law Economics, The University of Michigan). http://www.law.umich.edu/CentersAndPrograms/olin/papers/Fall%202001/banner.PDF. Date accessed: September 24, 2007. Francis, P., n.d. Beads and Manhattan. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/41/415.html. Date accessed: September 24, 2007. Personal Finance Advice, 2006. Compound Interest, Manhattan the Indians. http://www.pfadvice.com/2006/01/15/compound-interest-manhattan-the-indians/. Date accessed: September 24, 2007.

The Metaphor of Light :: Philosophy Intellectual Papers

The Metaphor of Light The classical unresolved problem of the active intellect, raised by Aristotle in De Anima III.5, has received several interpretations in the history of philosophy. In this paper, I will recover the old hypotheses according to which the active intellect is the god of Aristotle's metaphysics. I propose that if the active intellect is god, it is not an efficient cause but the final cause of human thought-the entelecheia of the human rational soul. Nevertheless, the problem of the active intellect is insoluble simply because we do not count with all the elements required to obtain a sound solution. Yet it can be attenuated by an approach that renders much more coherence to De Anima III.5 than other attempts. To this end, I will (1) analyse the classical conception of Aristotle's two intellects, (2) work on the explanation par excellence of the active intellect, the metaphor of light, distinguishing the double conception of potency and act that may be found in it, and (3) analyse the conc ept of entelecheia as the process by which the active intellect actualizes intelligibles in the sense of the final cause. One of the classic problems, and one of the most difficult to solve in Aristotelian philosophy, is that there is no text in which Aristotle explicitly states how the intellect manages to make 'intelligibles in actuality', that is, ideas. What he says in the fifth chapter of the third book of De Anima, instead of clarifying how man thinks, makes the intellectual process even more obscure, because the soul, as enteleceia of the body, is presented as one unit, but the mentioned text refers to two intellects, and one of them appears to be immortal, not human. It is this intellect, precisely, which Aristotle describes as separate, immortal and eternal, characteristics attributed only to god. Based on such terms, critics have made numerous interpretations on the relationship between rational thought and god: whether man is (or has) the active intellect, whether he thinks together with god, or whether only god is the agent and man is a passive-potential intellect. We think that the active intellect is, indeed, god, but that it is not 'really' an efficient cause of human thought, but rather the final cause or enteleceia of the human rational soul. Joseph Owens and W. Guthrie have recently affirmed this hypothesis. Traditionally, however, some other authors, even though they consider the active intellect to be a separate entity, have doubted or denied that it is god.

Macbeth Newspaper Essay

One way Jewett dramatizes the character of the young girls adventure is by using personification. Jewett uses personification. Personification gives human qualities to objects as a way of describing them to strengthen the description. In the story A White Heron Jewett uses personification when she says â€Å"There was the huge tree asleep yet in the paling moonlight. † Jewett here is showing the tree as a peaceful tree sleeping under the moonlight. â€Å"It must truly have been amazed. † This is when Jewett is trying to show how the tree is amazed by Sylvia and from that point it started to help her. â€Å"It felt this determined spark of human spirit. † This is when Jewett is showing that the tree felt a spark of human spirit. â€Å"And the tree stood still and frowned away the winds. † This was when Jewett was trying to show that the tree frowned away the winds and did not want the wind to make Sylvia’s journey hard for her. â€Å"The old pine must have loved his new dependent. † This is when Jewett is showing that the old pine tree now has helped Sylvia to the top and actually loves his new dependent (Sylvia). Another way Jewett dramatizes the character of the young girls adventure is by using Diction. Diction is the author’s word choice. It is very important because it strengthens the description of something or someone. In The White Heron Jewett it helps contrast between the huge tree and the small girl. Words that was used to describe Sylvia in the story was â€Å"little,† â€Å"small,† â€Å"clumsy,† â€Å"bare feet,† â€Å"weak creature† and â€Å"Harmless housebreaker. † All of these are words chosen by Jewett that describes the character of Sylvia. It strengthens the characterization of Sylvia. Those words mostly are showing that Sylvia is weak and small. She is a small girl that goes on a journey that leads her to becoming a young adult. Also words such as â€Å"determined,† â€Å"daring,† spark† and â€Å"dazzle† shows that Sylvia is determined and is daring herself to climb the â€Å"huge† tree. Jewett also uses words to describe the tree. Words such as â€Å"huge,† â€Å"strong,† â€Å"old pine,† â€Å"sturdy,† â€Å"monstrous ladder† and â€Å"great main mast† to describe the tree. This is showing that the tree is very powerful. These two are exactly opposite when Jewett describes them using word choice and diction. For example she says the girl is â€Å"small† and the tree is â€Å"huge,† she is â€Å"weak† and the tree is â€Å"strong† so there is a contrast between them. Contrasting diction and word choices contrasts the Sylvia’s personality and the tree’s.

Gender Essay Essay

During this essay I will be assessing the view that over the recent years the roles of both men and women have changed affecting society and the majority of households. In 1957 Elizabeth Bott as one of the first sociologists to study how the change of leisure, employment and lifestyle affected the roles of husbands and wives. She called these conjugal roles and claimed that there were two main types, segregated and joint. Segregated roles consisted of the splitting of the domestic tasks, where the men took care of the DIY tasks they carried the instrumental role. Women’s tasks consisted of the cleaning, the cooking etc. they carried the expressive role. Joint roles meant the domestic labour within a household as distributed evenly. Willmott and Young studied the symmetrical family offering an alternative perspective on conjugal roles, claiming they had become increasingly similar. It appeared that division of labour based on gender was breaking down. Although, many did support this idea their work was challenged by feminist sociologists such as Ann Oakley. She provided some imperial research which dismissed the view of the sharing caring husband. Oakley based her research on interviews in which she had conducted on 40 married women with 1 or more dependant children. It showed that women saw housework and childcare as their prime responsibility and received little help from their husbands. Whereas Willmott and Young had claimed that 72% of men ‘help in the house’, this figure indicates that husbands only had to perform one household chore a week. Oakley stated that this is hardly convincing evidence of male domestication and women carried a dual burden, they go to work come home a follow out the domestic labour. However this evidence is 30 years out of date, but it does show that the roles of men and women are gradually moving towards equality and the symmetrical family but are still a long way from it. Fiona Devine conducted a small scale study of car worker’s families in Luton indicating that men’s contribution to domestic labour increased when their wives re-entered paid employment. But the man’s role is still secondary; all women remain responsible for childcare and housework where their husband’s merely help them. This evidence clearly shows a pure suggestion of division of labour in most household tasks, although the equality and change indicates the tasks are becoming joint due to women working. To help show this trend another piece of research came into focus by Jonathon Gershuny, in which he analysed data from 1974-1987. It showed a gradual increase in the amount of domestic tasks preformed by men, and this increase is greatest when women are in full-time paid employment. Husbands whose wives worked spent double the amount of time cooking and cleaning. Gershuny concludes that women still bear the main burden of domestic labour, and there is a process of lagged adaptation. He thinks it may take up a generation or more until men catch up and make an equal contribution.

Geography of the Southern Hemisphere and Facts

Geography of the Southern Hemisphere and Facts The Southern Hemisphere is the southern portion or half of the Earth. It begins at the equator at 0 degrees latitude and continues south into higher latitudes until it reaches 90 degrees south, the South Pole in the middle of Antarctica. The word hemisphere itself specifically means half of a sphere, and because the earth is spherical (although it is considered an oblate sphere) a hemisphere is half. Geography and Climate of the Southern Hemisphere In the Northern Hemisphere, the majority of the area is composed of land masses instead of water. In comparison, the Southern Hemisphere has fewer land masses and more water. The South Pacific, South Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and various seas such as the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand and the Weddell Sea near Antarctica make up around 80.9 percent of the Southern Hemisphere. The land comprises only 19.1 percent. The continents making up the Southern Hemisphere include all of Antarctica, around one third of Africa, most of South America, and nearly all of Australia. Because of the large presence of water in the Southern Hemisphere, the climate in the Earths southern half is milder overall than the Northern Hemisphere. In general, water heats and cools more slowly than land so water near any land area usually has a moderating effect on the lands climate. Since water surrounds land in much of the Southern Hemisphere, more of it is moderated than in the Northern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere, like the Northern Hemisphere, is also divided into several different regions based on climate. The most prevalent are the southern temperate zone, which runs from the Tropic of Capricorn to the beginning of the Arctic Circle at 66.5 degrees south. This area features a temperate climate which generally has large amounts of precipitation, cold winters, and warm summers. Some countries included in the southern temperate zone include most of Chile, all of New Zealand and Uruguay. The area directly north of the southern temperate zone and lying between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn are known as the tropics- an area which has warm temperatures and precipitation year round. South of the southern temperate zone is the Antarctic Circle and the Antarctic continent. Antarctica, unlike the rest of the Southern Hemisphere, is not moderated by the large presence of water because it is a very large land mass. In addition, it is considerably colder than the Arctic in the Northern Hemisphere for the same reason. Summer in the Southern Hemisphere lasts from around December 21 to the vernal equinox around March 20. Winter lasts from around June 21 to the autumnal equinox around September 21. These dates are due to the Earths axial tilt and from the period of December 21 to March 20, the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, while during the June 21 to September 21 interval, it is tilted away from the sun. The Coriolis Effect and the Southern Hemisphere An important component of physical geography in the Southern Hemisphere is the Coriolis Effect and the specific direction that objects are deflected in Earths southern half. In the southern hemisphere, any object moving over the Earths surface deflects to the left. Because of this, any large patterns in air or water turn counterclockwise south of the equator. For example, there are many large oceanic gyres in the North Atlantic and North Pacific- all of which turn counterclockwise. In the Northern Hemisphere, these directions are reversed because objects are deflected to the right. In addition, the left deflection of objects impacts the flows of air over the Earth. A high-pressure system, for example, is an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than that of the surrounding area. In the Southern Hemisphere, these move counterclockwise because of the Coriolis Effect. By contrast, low-pressure systems or areas where atmospheric pressure is less than that of the surrounding area move clockwise because of the Coriolis Effect in the Southern Hemisphere. Population and the Southern Hemisphere Because the Southern Hemisphere has less land area than the Northern Hemisphere it should be noted that population is lower in Earths southern half than in the north. The majority of Earths population and its largest cities are in the Northern Hemisphere, although there are large cities such as Lima, Peru, Cape Town, South Africa, Santiago, Chile, and Auckland, New Zealand. Antarctica is the largest landmass in the Southern Hemisphere and it is the worlds largest cold desert. Although it is the largest area of land in the Southern Hemisphere, it is not populated because of its extremely harsh climate and the difficulty of building permanent settlements there. Any human development that has taken place in Antarctica consists of scientific research stations- most of which are operated only during the summer. In addition to people, however, the Southern Hemisphere is incredibly biodiverse as the majority of the worlds tropical rainforests are in this region. For example, the Amazon Rainforest is almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere as are biodiverse places such as Madagascar and New Zealand. Antarctica also has a large variety of species adapted to its harsh climates such as emperor penguins, seals, whales and various types of plants and algae.

Analytical Essay Sample on the Story “Like Water for Chocolate”

Analytical Essay Sample on the Story â€Å"Like Water for Chocolate† Like Water for Chocolate is a text that I believe should be used in a classroom context for high school students because of the emotions, changes and challenges affecting teenagers as they do the central character in the text, and its uses of distinctive methods to demonstrate this. The relationships, Mexican culture, and literary techniques make it an alternative yet invaluable source in the classroom context. Most texts that students are expected to study in senior high school tend to be chosen by adults for their literary qualities that are not especially relevant to some of the challenge and emotions that teenagers face in their daily twenty-first century lives. Whilst the text Like Water for Chocolate is not set in the culture we live in today nor is it a direct reflection teenage life, it certainly has particular components that make it relevant to high school students while still being as beneficial literary source as a Shakespearean text, just in different manners. While a story written about unrequited love is one of the most familiar, universal and almost over told stories ever written, the essence the author has brought to it using different methods bringing new life and to this commonplace story line. While the entire story is almost epic-like in its traditional plot, characters and the way it is told, techniques used by the author convey a deeply personal view of Tita De la Garzas life even when written in the second person, by Titas great niece, Esperanzas daughter. The way that Laura Esquivel uses magical realism in the text enhances the novel overall. The main purpose of using this writing technique is to evoke certain emotions in the reader about love such as when Gertrudis is having a shower in the small room outside made of roughly nailed planks. Because she has just consumed Titas quail in rose petal sauce the emotion that it was prepared with and love put into the food by Tita directed towards Pedro has shown effects in her. Magical realism recurs throughout the text and in this example Gertrudis is unable to enjoy her shower because the drops that fell from the shower never made it to her body: they evaporated before they reached her. Her body was giving off so much heat that the wooden walls began to split and burst into flame. (Like Water for Chocolate, pg 51). The way that the sheer passion of Gertrudis is expressed works very well to make known to the reader a feeling that can only be experienced to be truly understood. Similarly thi s is demonstrated when Titas Ð ¡enormous bedspread that she had woven through night after night of insomnia covered the whole ranch, all three hectares. (Like Water for Chocolate, pg 220) It is unbelievable that one persons passion could set fire to a hut or that a bedspread could cover 30 000m2, but this is the authors way of expressing the immeasurable passion experienced or just how many sleepless nights were spent by Tita suffering in her unrequited love. Adolescence is a part of a humans life when they begin to experience new and changing relationships. The relationships that the teenage Tita begins to experience, (when she meets Pedro she is just 15) and fulfil are quite similar, even if not in context, as ones that high school aged students are beginning to have. They are able to relate to the text in this way while they also may find parallels from characters to ones in their own life. For example, an older person who they can confide in like Nancha, a young love such as Pedro or a sibling they have similar experiences with as Tita does with Rosaura or Gertrudis. Teenagers are all beginning to experience aspects of love as they grow up and I think that the central theme of this in the book will prove attractive to them. Secondary school and the years of being a teenager is a time of change and transition from when they go from being almost totally reliant on the care of their parents to being an independent adult who is able to run their own life. Independence and personal freedom becomes very important to them. While teenagers generally strive to be free from the ties of their home, Tita is bonded by her family tradition insisting as Mama Elena says to Tita, that being the youngest daughter means that you have to take care of me until the day I die. (Like Water for Chocolate, pg 14). This freedom being denied to Tita may relate well with the restrictions felt by students at home by their parents who may be trying to protect them or prevent them from doing their own will. The style in which Like Water for Chocolate is written is really quite unique. It is set out with the chapters of the book being represented by months of the year with a separate recipe for each chapter. The sensuality of food in relation to the sentiment of the characters and what they experience combine very well together with the preparation of each particular recipe. This adds to the plot as well as the emotions and mood being created for the remainder of the chapter. In January, Tita expresses her first passions toward Pedro making her feel like dough feels when it is plunged into boiling oil (Like Water for Chocolate, pg 18) Emotion that Tita puts into her food can make the people that eat it passionately in love to violently sick. The text shows a glimpse of Mexican culture and even the history of that country talking about the familys experiences with civil war like when the revolutionaries with Captain Juan Alejandrez visited the ranch. Especially Mexican food is explored here in depth as an essential part of this foreign culture. I believe that the book is relevant to a class of secondary students today. It deals with similar emotions, changes and challenges affecting teenagers as they do the central character in the text, and uses distinctive methods to demonstrate in a different way to other texts, making it something for the student to experience.

WRITE PAPERS FOR MONEY

WRITE PAPERS FOR MONEY Its no secret that writing is a passion that you have not noticed before. Writing for money is an exciting opportunity to unite your job and your hobby. How do you start writing for money today? Well there are a number of different opportunities like article writing, short story writing, copywriting, web-site content writing, essay writing, etc. Start with a company you would like to work with and apply for the job by sending your complete resume and a sample of your perfect writing. If you remember that you have written good papers back at your college or university, then you should try to write papers for money. You never know what outcome there can be.   Another characteristic about yourself that you should develop is the confidence in what you write about. Self-frustration and getting lost is not going to get you anywhere. You have to stay confident of what you write about. If you find yourself not having enough knowledge or experience, read more materials about the topic and get prepared. Nobody was born with the developed and skillful writing. All major authors trained themselves as they were constantly writing something. Another important thing is to stay focused meaning do not pay too much attention to bad reviews. Yes it is important to benefit from your down-falls, yet it is more important to stay focused and continue what you are doing right now. Keep on writing!

Microsoft and Apple Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microsoft and Apple - Case Study Example Microsoft's intelligent and rather unfair business strategies have helped in making it the biggest name in the business by dominating every new comer on the market but Apple is the only company to have fought back. This is because of its large quantity of unusually fond customers who will not shift to any other operating software no matter how hard they try, and Microsoft has tried, and is still trying. Being such huge companies one would assume that they would have strict rules of what to wear and strict Sop's (standard operating procedures) but no. Both companies are innovation based. The directors of both companies know that if you want an employee to be very creative and innovative then you have to let them feel relaxed while working and they follow in this path themselves. The culture of both companies is one where every software developer would dream of working. Microsoft in particular takes out a lot of time and effort to hand pick new software developers out of good universities and trains them to extreme levels while spending a lot of money in making them satisfied with their jobs so they can in turn give something as good back to the company. Apple is no different. It is full of highly innovative professionals who know their work so well that they have moved the company from only being a computer and software related company to a full electronics and accompanied Software Company. Microsoft's basic ideology is to provide every customer the taste of Microsoft's innovation and excellence by making them use their software. The company's main goal is to have the whole world running their operating software in all types of electronic machines. At Microsoft, honesty, integrity and constructive self improvement is highly praised. Apple's base ideological principles are a little different, though mostly the same. they do not plan world domination, but instead believe on slow and steady progress in first making a piece of cutting edge and incredible stylish hardware, then designing a flawless operating software for it which is so pleasing for the user and is so graphic intensive that customers will never want to switch to any alternate. Branching out into the whole electronic goods market and inventing good solid consumer electronic goods across a range of markets is what Apple does best. Business Change The flagship Microsoft products are the Microsoft windows and the Microsoft office productivity suites. The current edition of Microsoft windows is Windows Vista and office suite is the Microsoft Office 2007. Released in early 2007, windows vista has come under a lot of criticism simply because of one reason, it is not perceived as being better compared to its predecessor, Windows XP, which was launched in 2001. Microsoft is adamant that Vista's new kernel and code written from scratch is the very thing which makes it unique and better but the bottom line for most users is that it takes up too much space on the hard disk, is not more productive than XP and even though it is much better in security, an issue which was extremely lacking in XP, the price for it is too high and as Vista is designed for the latest machines with at least a 2.8GHZ Intel compatible processor, a good high end graphics card and at least 2GB of RAM, the cost of hardware alone for most organizations is too much before they even think of buying the top spec version dubbed windows Vista

The Automobile Industry in Europe and Japan. Their competition with Term Paper

The Automobile Industry in Europe and Japan. Their competition with the U.S - Term Paper Example The imports and the exports will highlight the issues on the countries’ products for which they involve in transactions in the global markets. The imports incorporate all the automobile products such as the spares and the complete machinery that they acquire from other countries. The exports entail the products that a country sells to the other countries. The company may enable its country to participate actively in the international markets to execute that sale of its products. The tariffs incorporate the levy on products or a schedule of products’ prices in a record. The contracts will entail the terms and the requirements for an award of a specific task to a firm. All the aspects discussed above forms a fundamental basis in the international perspective fostering relationships and competition (Shimokwa, p 406). The competition and the comparison of the Japanese and the western automobile industries can achieve relevance with a comprehensive evaluation of the products designs and the customers’ satisfaction. The designs of the products are significant as they determine the companies’ flexibility to achieve the customers’ satisfactions. Throughout the research the analysis of the designs, customers’ satisfactions and the products advertisement will account for fundamental point of essence. The Products Designs The fundamental design procedures begin with a design decision. The design processes hold a crucial magnitude to the companies. The current modernity in the automobile industry operates closely with a notion which stipulates that the customer’s desires can only be prompted by the products outlook. The perception of the products’ outlook is essential since a greater percentage of the customers attain the products attraction before thinking of... The research established all the hypotheses that have been lurking amidst the automobile consumers in the global fraternity. The research realized that in spite of the expertise manifested by the Japanese developers; Japan is not equally prominent as the automobile manufacturers in the west. The Japanese have remained to show the significant degree of creativity in the automobile production and substantial competitive posture. The article joins in support of the fact that the automobile companies share the competition factor and significantly contribute to their individual countries economic growth and the eventual developments. The competition amidst the firms in the automobile industry has enabled for the development of products which have attracted customers worldwide. The consumers’ attraction on products has translated to fiscal gains in the western countries and Japan at large. The counties have experienced enormous fiscal profits that have helped in developing their economies. The countries are also similar ion the sense that they experience higher revenues through the exports from the automobile industries. Many firms have identified the consumers’ points of concern and have taken advantage in different perspectives. The Japanese involves them into development of different machinery to satisfy all the clients with dissimilar wants. The firms compete in developing new automobiles and their parts to realize their best images amidst the customers. Similarly, the companies in Europe and America have analyzed the same scenario to formulate strategies for curbing the reining of the other companies in the same industry.

Neandertals and Homo Sapiens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Neandertals and Homo Sapiens - Essay Example What follows is a brief presentation that sheds the light on this species of human like creature, exposing the different anthropological breakthroughs and discoveries that have came to remold our idea of the Neanderthal man. Modern anthropological findings suggest that the Neanderthal man may have lived around the years extending from 250 000 to 20 000 BC. Counting for more than a century since its discovery, theories and hypotheses around this creature have diversified albeit they mostly reflected the prejudgments of the moment. Long considered as a sub-human species at the heart of the â€Å"Homo Sapien† lineage it was at first called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis in consequence. Only later was it considered by authors and researchers as a distinct species and labeled as â€Å"Homo Neanderthalensis†. More recent studies have also suggested that the two species, â€Å"Homo Neanderthalensis† and â€Å"Homo Sapiens† may have crossbred amongst each other. .. . A Neanderthal man though, and as much as he may seem to resemble the modern human, has some marked characteristics, for instance the difference is clear when it comes to the volume of the brain, while an average human brain measures around 1300 ml, a Neanderthal brain have been known to measure as much as 1700 ml. Another, striking difference that sets apart the two human species is perhaps an anatomical one, as a quick analysis of the Neanderthal anatomy shows that the latter had larger bones in comparison to us modern humans, added to that the muscle mass which is also far superior to what a normal human being would have nowadays. Neanderthals as it would seem were large boned and heavily muscled, probably so to be withstand the hard natural conditions that were in the days. Height was not the Neanderthal man’s strongpoint, as fully grown male adults would average a height of 164 cm (5 feet 5 inches). This primitive man is said to have been an avid hunter, this is particular ly true as suggested by sheer number of healed fractured bones found in Neanderthal bodies, and as their thick leg bones suggest, they used to do alot of walking and running, running which was essential and required if they were to hunt fast moving animals, and if they were to be entrenched in long chases for their daily meat. As scientific research has it, these primitive beings were almost exclusively carnivores and assuring their daily meat meant a lot of effort, risk and danger which is associated with the fractured bones mentioned above. Lastly, and as far as culture is concerned, our primitive friends may not have been so primitive as we might think, as numerous Neanderthal burial sites were found,sites in which bodies were buried alongside

Financial Reporting on Cement Roadstone Holdings Plc Dissertation

Financial Reporting on Cement Roadstone Holdings Plc - Dissertation Example In the year 2012, the operations of CRH Plc faced mixed economic conditions throughout all the countries in the world. For example, as on one hand the main markets in the United States faced improvement in its overall economic activity, while on the other side economic activity deteriorated in Europe, particularly in Netherlands due to a fall in the continued confidence of investors and consumers in Europe. As a result, the profit and earnings per share of the company in 2012 dropped by 5% and 7%, as compared to 2011. The profit and earnings per share of 2012 amounted to â‚ ¬674 million and 76.5c, whereas in 2011 it amounted to â‚ ¬711 million and 82.6c. The outcomes of 2012 resulted due to the progress in the operations of America helped by a strong recovery in residential construction which lead to an improvement in the overall economic activities in the United States. ... y components- Positive exchange effects of 2012 resulted due to the rise in the US dollar by 8% which lead to the rise sales and pre-tax profits by approximately 4%. Contributions by acquisitions made in 2011 and 2012 lead to a rise in sales revenue of â‚ ¬603million and operating profit of â‚ ¬33 million. Cost incurred in 2012 of â‚ ¬60million was similar to that of 2011(â‚ ¬61 million). Total impairment charges in 2012 were â‚ ¬174 million which was significantly higher than the previous year. In 2012, revenue generated from ongoing operations decreased by â‚ ¬384million. As compared to 2011, earnings per share declined by 7% (82.6c in 2011 to 76.5c in 2012) and cash earnings per share increased by 7% (194.0c in 2011 to 206.8c in 2012). In 2012 Operating profit margin declined to 4.5% and EBITDA margin by 0.4% as the selling price could not recover the increase in input costs. The price of the share of CRH Plc was â‚ ¬15.30 in 2012, as it showed a slight change as compared to 2011 (â‚ ¬15.36). But the dividend was 62.5c and the net return to the shareholders was positive 4%. The overall performance of CRH Plc. in 2012 shows a decline as compared to the performance in 2011. The decrease in the inventory turnover ratio and total assets turnover ratio as compared to 2011 also state the above. Total shareholders’ equity also remained unchanged in 2012 as the net comprehensive income for the year of â‚ ¬0.4 billion was balanced by dividends of â‚ ¬0.4 billion. The year-end net debt of â‚ ¬3 billion was only â‚ ¬0.5 billion lower than the previous year. This is reflected in the debt equity ratio, which also resulted in a decrease as to the previous year. The percentage of net debt to total equity reduced to 28%. But since assets were more as compared to the equity, proprietary ratio

Oil Business and Power in Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oil Business and Power in Middle East - Essay Example These major oil exporting countries were undeveloped and poor before the discovery of oil. There was deficiency of money as well as technology necessary for mining and marketing the oil therefore the developed and well industrialized countries of the world took advantage of that situation and offered help for exploring the areas likely to enclose larger oil reservoirs. The Government of indigent Middle East countries made several agreements with these stable countries and allowed them to mine the oil resources. The oil business persuaded foreign intercession and it resulted in political stability among these nations (Bird, and Brown). Development in social condition in Middle East countries has been observed since after the expansion of oil business and power. The regime of oil exporting Middle East states spend the per annum yield of petroleum trade on the financial stability of the country. In addition to it, the profit from oil export increases the net income of citizens and it ul timately results in raising the living standards of common man.

Financial Reporting on Cement Roadstone Holdings Plc Dissertation

Financial Reporting on Cement Roadstone Holdings Plc - Dissertation Example In the year 2012, the operations of CRH Plc faced mixed economic conditions throughout all the countries in the world. For example, as on one hand the main markets in the United States faced improvement in its overall economic activity, while on the other side economic activity deteriorated in Europe, particularly in Netherlands due to a fall in the continued confidence of investors and consumers in Europe. As a result, the profit and earnings per share of the company in 2012 dropped by 5% and 7%, as compared to 2011. The profit and earnings per share of 2012 amounted to â‚ ¬674 million and 76.5c, whereas in 2011 it amounted to â‚ ¬711 million and 82.6c. The outcomes of 2012 resulted due to the progress in the operations of America helped by a strong recovery in residential construction which lead to an improvement in the overall economic activities in the United States. ... y components- Positive exchange effects of 2012 resulted due to the rise in the US dollar by 8% which lead to the rise sales and pre-tax profits by approximately 4%. Contributions by acquisitions made in 2011 and 2012 lead to a rise in sales revenue of â‚ ¬603million and operating profit of â‚ ¬33 million. Cost incurred in 2012 of â‚ ¬60million was similar to that of 2011(â‚ ¬61 million). Total impairment charges in 2012 were â‚ ¬174 million which was significantly higher than the previous year. In 2012, revenue generated from ongoing operations decreased by â‚ ¬384million. As compared to 2011, earnings per share declined by 7% (82.6c in 2011 to 76.5c in 2012) and cash earnings per share increased by 7% (194.0c in 2011 to 206.8c in 2012). In 2012 Operating profit margin declined to 4.5% and EBITDA margin by 0.4% as the selling price could not recover the increase in input costs. The price of the share of CRH Plc was â‚ ¬15.30 in 2012, as it showed a slight change as compared to 2011 (â‚ ¬15.36). But the dividend was 62.5c and the net return to the shareholders was positive 4%. The overall performance of CRH Plc. in 2012 shows a decline as compared to the performance in 2011. The decrease in the inventory turnover ratio and total assets turnover ratio as compared to 2011 also state the above. Total shareholders’ equity also remained unchanged in 2012 as the net comprehensive income for the year of â‚ ¬0.4 billion was balanced by dividends of â‚ ¬0.4 billion. The year-end net debt of â‚ ¬3 billion was only â‚ ¬0.5 billion lower than the previous year. This is reflected in the debt equity ratio, which also resulted in a decrease as to the previous year. The percentage of net debt to total equity reduced to 28%. But since assets were more as compared to the equity, proprietary ratio

War Through the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War Through the Media - Essay Example The writer pays much of his attention to the problem of information gaps. The question †what would happen if the Axis powers won the war?†(p. 51) illustrated the fear that people felt. So newspapers used this state of fear and unknowing in order to control the emotional state of the public. Also because of economic competition that existed then between newspapers, every of them tried to outdo the opponent. This caused that truth in headlines disappeared in the content. â€Å"The nation’s newspapers published according to the dictates of their own consciences and interests and printed what they wanted to print, attacked who they wanted to attack, and reported with accuracy or distortion—that is, they acted like a free press†.The government had to find a solution to this problem, so it had to control the information. So the only way out was to form an agency devoted to propaganda. There were several of them only the Office of War Information (OWI), esta blished by President Roosevelt on June 13, 1942, continued its existence. Its mission was to inform public of happening abroad and to counteract enemy propaganda. Jordan Braverman give the definition of the OWI`s objectives, he says that the goals of the OWI were to record, clear, and approve all proposed radio and motion picture programs that federal agencies sponsored and to serve as a contact for the radio broadcasting and motion picture industries in their relationships with federal departments and agencies and concerning these governmental programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦The OWI was to form

Roles of a Manager within Functional Areas of Business Essay Example for Free

Roles of a Manager within Functional Areas of Business Essay Business and Government are just the same except in all the important aspects.(Joseph L. Bower, 1970, p.70). This quote makes sense, because both require a management level that must be versatile and play distinct roles in different business situations or organizations. These functions are important to any business and its success. Managers Role in a Business Businesss all have different functions, goals, and ratios to gauge, to be successful. A managers job has different levels, and some are from a great extent to a lower degree. But they all must have key attributes to be successful for their subordinates and peers. They must have authority so that those they look over respect them and follow through with a task they delegate. A manager also has to be efficient, with excellent problem-solving skills. Regardless of what business you are in, you will want efficiency, but you will always run into a problem, which will need to be resolved immediately. These problems can be internal with staff, or on a larger scale impacting the business for a sooner than later failure. You will want a manager who can fix the issues, find the issues and coordinate all of this by utilizing the business metric they are using. This metric of activity should be the guidelines in which the company wishes to follow and is a foundation that should make a business successful. Marketing Marketing is another functional area that businesses thrive on. Some in my opinion view this as just a tool that is used to bring in business on a particular product. But in reality utilizes trends, ideas, generations, and considers a lot more from the inside of the company, and allow the outside  world to notice it. The purpose of marketing is not to just find and increase new areas of business. They want to bring the business to the front door, but not let out the back. This is so there can be new business obtained, but it is also retained for an extended term relationship. The marketing manager must oversee all of their team and their ideas and move forward with what they think will help the business. Human Resources Human Resources is an area of business where the manager acts as a service provider, policy police, strategic partner, change agent, and welfare officer. (Welch and Welch 2012). These managers are the enforcers of the law at these businesses, as well as the legislation of the geographic territory they reside in. They need to ensure that they hire the right person for the right job and fire those who may be crippling the business and individuals. They must consistently enforce the rules for the employees at hand and ensure they keep accurate records for the company. Finance and Accounting Finance and accounting are what is looked at as the meat of the business and is necessary for a company to be successful. This can also tell a business where its weaknesss lie. A managers role in this position is to maintain positive numbers. But if this is done correctly it also has different areas of finance. What I mean by this is, there may be a business that thrives on more than one product. If one product is not selling, the correct action could be to remove that product, market it better, or improve the product. This will also let the business know if they can expand if they need more employees and dictate the future of the enterprise. Operations Operations are the creation, moving, or services that need to be put in place so they can reach the hands of the customers. This is one of the biggest factors that can make or break a business. There is a lot of unpredictability in operations, and there must always be a backup plan in place. If there is a breakdown in delivery of a product to a customer, to the business, or not pushing a product on the floor fast enough; this can  end a relationship with a client that depends on, operations to move smoothly. If management has a plan in place, there should be no repercussions from the unexpected. Or they should be able to find a resolution to the operations issue immediately. Operation is a factor that everyone relies on, and I feel that many consumers dont realize how much they rely on it until there is this breakdown in operations. Leadership and Strategic Planning Leadership and strategic planning is an aspect that always needs to be put into place from the very beginning by the management. These plans will help oversee all aspects of a business from the environment to the lower level of subordinates. It will point everyone in the right direction to achieve the goals of the company and even the goals of those in the company. If a particular plan is set forth by the leaders, it should be known to those involved so they could follow these guidelines to meet or exceed the goals. The leadership will ensure that these plans are followed to ensure the success of everyone. Conclusion Everything that is discussed in this essay was a brief description of necessary areas in business, and how management needs to be involved in these fields. All of them are needed for the success of enterprises, and the managers who overlook these different functions need to ensure their duties are carried out properly so the company will succeed. With these areas working appropriately with good leaders, there is a greater chance of success. These guidelines and structures are the foundations on which to build a business. Each aspect plays its role that must be led by people with these foundations as their law book to abide by. These leaders should also be able to pass this knowledge down to their successors so the business can thrive long after they are gone. References Welch and Welch (2012) Joseph L. Bower, Managing the resource allocation Process: A Study of Corporate Planning and Investment, Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Boston, Harvard University Press, 1970, p.70. Anne J. Broderick (1998) Role Theory, Role Management and Service Performance Kane- Urrabazo C. (2006) Managements role in shaping organizational culture

Construction Site Safety in Malaysia

Construction Site Safety in Malaysia The coverage of the construction industry is very wide-ranging; it consists of residential construction, commercial building construction, heavy engineering construction, civil engineering, industrial construction and infrastructure. Construction site is considered to be the most hazardous working place. In the construction site, safety and quality are always concerns by the people. In the recent years, construction industry is facing environmental problem due to the pollution and the hazards mostly establish by the construction activities. In Malaysia, the construction industry is acknowledge generating the country development and also improves the country economic. The frequencies of site accidents and property damage which create a great impact to the construction organization. During construction period, when happening of accidents and injuries or deaths of workers will cause delays to the construction project. The delay of the project directly and indirectly will incur the cost. As a result, all the construction organization must provide a good and safe working environment for the workers. 1.3 Background Working in the construction site is very dangerous. Most of the accidents happen in construction site are caused by lack of training, carelessness, communication problem and not following basic safety rule during working in the site.  The company need to comply with any requirements in addition to any security policy is to create them to meet federal, state and local laws. Safety policy and regulations are use to train the construction worker for safety practices and to warning about hazards on the site during construction period. Nowadays, construction site accidents became serious and known is an important to the organization involved. Most of the construction activity is difficult, dangerous, dirty, and considered as dangerous occupations compared with other type of industries. Most of the construction workers need to work in adverse conditions during rain, heat, dust, noise and at night. Some of the construction site accident happen is obvious work with the heavy machinery and scaffolding high above from the ground level. The most serious accidents happen are resulting in injuries and death. The machinery need to be seriously handle and timely monitoring as it may affect the organization in high cost to repair and maintenance the machinery. Beside that the construction company will become bad reputation and need to pay for medical treatment for the construction workers that involved in accident during construction period. When an accident happens, it should be immediate report to the office of Safety and Health department to ensure that the suitability action could be taken by the relevant organization. For the inspection also need to be taken to identify the factors which cause the accident and the way to prevent it from happen again in the future. Construction worker need to report any injuries or accidents to their supervisors or Safety and Health Department. 1.4 Problem Statement Site accident is one of the significant and key issues that seriously happen in the construction site that control its daily operation using machineries at the construction site. The numbers of site accident occurred each year at the construction site and also increasing from every year resulted in variable cost items of the project. If the construction company no way taken for prevention, it can become more serious and bad reputation to the construction company. 1.5 Aim and Objective To study the site safety in construction site during the construction period In the scope of this research, it contains the following objectives: To analysis of type of accident occurrence and causes of accident in the Malaysia construction site To study safety management and hazard in Malaysia construction site To identify the duties of various party of the site safety in construction site Research Methodology A study on site safety in Malaysia construction site To study safety management and hazard in Malaysia construction site To identify the duties of various party of the site safety in construction site To analysis of type of accident occurrence and causes of accident in the Malaysia construction site Stage 1 Literature Reviews (Secondary source) Stage 2 Technique of Data Collection (Primary source, Questionnaires) Stage 3 The Result of Analysis and Findings A case study about the fire protection system in commercial building A set of question will be distribute to the commercial buildings users to dertermine theier knowledge about fire safety An interview would be carry out to the fire safety professional Stage 4 Conclusion and Recommendation Before conducting this assignment, an appropriate method to get the information is determined. Interview We also carry out interview to achieve our research goal. This is reason because it takes place with interviewees known to have been involved on the previous experience on the site safety in construction site in Malaysia. However, it needed to focus on the interviewers that have experiences regarding the site safety. The interview will be carried out face-to-face with 1-10 consultants who having previous experiences of this site safety in construction site. The data collected of interview will be summary and comprise in appendix of my dissertation. Questionnaires The general research approach is based on questionnaires. This is chosen because it will enhance the knowledge for my research topic. The questionnaires will be given out to 1-15 respondents who are the contractor, supervisor, etc that involve in the site safety in construction site. Besides that, this is an effective alternative to interviews because it is enabling to increase the information in my research. Literature Review A literature review is a critical and in depth evaluation of previous research. The main purposes of applying literature review method in my research are to achieve my goal and to convey the knowledge and ideas have been established with regarding to my topic. The literature review serves to demonstrate and more understanding and knowledge of theoretical and research issues related to my topic. Related literature refers to writing in publication such as books, journals, magazines, articles, newspaper and finding information on the internet. Furthermore, literature review helps and guide me to discovered more knowledge and helpful in my research. Case Study Case study consists of a detailed investigation, often with data collected over a period of time, of phenomena, within the context. This method is useful for trying to test theoretical models by using them in real world situations. Basically, a case study is an in depth study of particular situation rather than a statistical survey. The case study is also useful for testing whether scientific theories and models actually work in the real world. Furthermore, I will plan and design how I am going to address the study and make sure that all collected data is relevant to my research topic which is site safety in construction site. 1.7 Scope limitation of study This study focuses on site safety in a Malaysian construction site. On the primary research, I will focus on the case study of according to my objectives which are review the history of accident and study safety management in construction site, and literature review of types of accident and hazard in construction site, duties of various party of the site safety in construction site. For my secondary research, I will do a questionnaire to TAR college SOT lecturers and Construction Company (related to site safety on construction site) in Kuala Lumpur only. The scope of this study is many types; there is literature review due to the quantity of published journals, article, textbooks and the information on the internet so that can find out the information according to my objectives within the limited time frame. Besides that, the construction company which related to site safety in construction site in Malaysia need to get permission so that can go there to visit and get the information about site safety in construction site. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The construction site involves a lot of operations which may be dangerous, risky and unhealthy. The number of injuries, accident, and work related illness will contribute to additional costs and delays on projects. Construction site is the most dangerous and hazardous compare with other type of industry. Nowadays, site accident is keep happened in construction site and the accident percentage is kept rising every year. When accident happens in construction site it will cause the project delay and loss of project cost. In this chapter will discuss about the review accident occurrence and safety management in Malaysia construction site. Site safety is very important because when accident happen on construction site not only people injury and also will affect the project in term of cost and time. 2.2 Type of accidents occurrence in Malaysia construction site Site accident is an unplanned, unexpected and uncontrollable occurrence, which results in injury or death to the construction workers damage the equipment. All accidents, regardless of the damage or loss of the nature, should be concerned about. The accidents that not result damage to materials or equipment or injury to worker may presage future of unexpected accidents. Although site accident could not totally prevent from happening but still need to find the way to minimize the rate of accident by providing a safe working conditions and insisting on the use of safe working methods and procedures. In Malaysia, the number of accident occurring at the construction site is keep increasing every year due to the unpredictable reported. So the site accident has captured the attention and concern from the relevant organization. The table 1 show in below is the summary of major accident happen in Malaysia construction site. 2005 2006 2007 2008 1) Tower crane  broke into two  and fell onto  four  Indonesian  construction  workers at a  construction  site building  apartment  located at Batu  14, Puchong. 1) Landslide  occurred at a  construction  site located at  Taman Desa,  Kuala Lumpur  buried; killed a  35 year old  Indonesian  man at about  3.30pm while  he was  working on  some iron steel  beam  foundations  for the five block  609  units  condominium  complexes. 1) Death of two  workers and  severe injuries  on ten workers  at The Pavillion  Kuala Lumpur,  Jalan Bukit  Bintang  construction  site where the  cables of the  workmens lift  at the posh  condominium  and shopping  complex project  snapped and  plummeted 15  metres to the  ground. 1) Two  Malaysian  construction  workers  were buried  alive by  excavated  sand pile in a  3.6m-deep  sewer trench  at Taman  Merbau  phase two  construction  site in  Changlun 2) Iron mould  weighing  almost two  tonnes fell  from 20 storey  condominiums  under  construction  onto Dr. Liew  Boon Horngs  BMW; killed  him and  severely  injured his  wife and the  driver at Plaza  Damas located  along Jalan  Hartamas. 2) Negligence  of three  construction  companies, led  to the death of  another  Indonesian  worker on 15  May 2006  located at Lot  206, Section  63, Lorong  Binjai where a  32-storey of  100 units  apartment was  to be built. 2) Death of two  Malaysian  construction  workers, buried  alive four  meters deep in  a landslide  while working  on the fencing  located at  Taman Merbau  2, Fasa III at  Kubang, Pasu. 2) Twenty  five foreign  workers  escaped  without  major  injuries  when the  structure  they were  standing  gave way in  one of the  construction  sites in  Kuching. 3) Two sides  collapsed of a  bridge that  was under  construction at  3.2 kilometers  of the Klang  Valley  Highway that  caused the  death of two  Bangladesh  workers. 3) One foreign  construction  site worker  died; another  colleague  severely injured  at the  construction  site of the  prestigious KK  Times Square  commercial  complex after  piles of sand  fell on them in  Kota Kinabalu. 4) Three  Indonesian  construction  workers fell  from  scaffolding to  their deaths  when they  slipped from  the top floor of  a 21-storey  condominium  under  construction  and landed on  the fifth floor at  Taman Tampoi  Indah 5) Bricks fell  from the  construction  site in Taman  Bukit Angkasa,  Kerinchi on  several cars  parked at the  nearby flats  during a threehour  downpour 6) Eight huge  concrete beams  with a  measurement of  at least 40m  long and 70  tonnes weight  of an  uncompleted  flyover near  Nilai collapsed,  which narrowly  missed a  motorist and his  aged parents In the construction site, it can be said that there are many different types of accidents occurred at the construction sites everyday during the construction period. The types of accident in construction site, which are scaffolding, fall of people, struck by falling objects and so on. The Department of Occupational Safety and Health Ministry of Human Resources find out the rise of accident occurring almost every month in the year 2007 and 2008. Falling of people Falling of people also is the one of higher percentage happening accidents in the construction site. People working in the construction site has the risk exposed to fall in any place of the site especially at the high level. Most of the worker fall from the higher level mostly resulted in death. The type of accident is always happen in construction which is fall from scaffolding. Causes The people who falling from the higher level because lack of safety measure at the construction site. The workers will not be protected by safety measure when accident occurs. According to the Vincent G. Bush in his Safety in the Construction Industry: OSHA, an incident can result in an accident if fright makes a man take unsafe action. For an example, if one scaffold rope fails, the man may be saved if he just hangs on. The other common causes are: Improper netting for scaffolding cause workers falls from the scaffold. The used of timber ladder is in poor condition. The ladder may broken and cause the worker fall down The ladder is not securely fixed to prevent against slipping and slide movement. Inadequate lighting during construction of basement had caused many falling of construction workers. Cases Cases 1 http://cdn.theborneopost.com/newsimages/A2537.jpg Source: Borneo Post Online December 29,2011, Thursday Construction site Kuching Event The workers body injury after falling down from the scaffolding .The accident happened at around 4pm when his colleague foot support him was standing on suddenly broke, causing him fall to the ground. Consequences: A construction worker was killed. 2.2.3 Prevention For the prevention of fall of people, there are two areas that must be emphasized during construction period. The two areas are: Scaffold protection Every construction worker on a scaffold more than 2 meter above a lower level must be protected from falling to that level; workers on a walkway situated within a scaffold must be protected by the use of a personal fall arrest system or guardrail system. It is important for those workers performing plastering and painting operation for using the scaffold. The guardrail system must be installed along all open sides and end of platforms, and they must be installed completely before the scaffold use by workers. Safety net The safety net must be provided when the workplaces are more than 25 ft above the surface where the use, scaffold, catch platforms, temporary floors and so on. The safety net is required, shall not operate until the net is in place and has been tested. The safety net must extend about 8 ft outside the edge of the work. The employer should provide a safety training program for every worker who might be exposed to fall hazards. The safety training must let every worker to be familiar the hazards of falling order to minimize these hazards. So that employer must assure that every construction worker been trained. Some critical hazard areas at the high-rise building construction like lift shaft and edge of the structure must also provide with a proper guardrail system. 2.3 Struck by falling objects It can be said that the events of struck by falling objects are quite same with the fall of people. The only thing different is falling objects may not necessary cause injured or fatality. Whereas, in fall of people it definitely caused injury or fatal of people. Causes Not proper netting for the scaffolding. Some workers may not hold the tools and equipment properly during superstructure work and cause the tools and equipment fall out from the netting. Falling of scaffolding components during the erection and dismantling. Not carry the work the proper manner. For instance, the workers throw the rubbish directly from the edge of the building at the high level as shown in Appendix. Material fall during handling by the crane due to improper stacking The too heavy load to carry in the handling will cause the broken of rope, where the rope is not able to withstand the loading. Thus falling of material occur. The ropes used in the handling not securely tied are always cause the material fall during the operation. 2.3.5 Causes of Accident Accident dont just happen, they are caused. According to Ridley 99 per cent of the accident are caused by either unsafe acts or unsafe conditions or both (Ridley, 1986). As such, accidents could be prevented. The unsafe act is a violation of an accepted safe procedure which could permit the occurrence of an accident. The unsafe condition is a hazardous physical condition or circumstances which could directly permit the occurrence of an accident. Most accident results from a combination of contributing causes and one or more unsafe acts and unsafe condition. Accident theories and models discussed in the previous section have evolved from merely blaming workers, conditions, machineries into management roles and responsibilities. Nowadays, accident models are being used to better explain the causes of accident so that appropriate actions could be taken to make improvement. However, in order to effect permanent improvement, we must deal with the root causes of accident. A review of the l iterature indicates that finding the factors and causes that influence construction accidents has been the passion of many researchers. Kartam and Bouz (1998) did a study in Kuwaiti construction and noted that the causes of accidents were due to worker turnover and false acts; inadequate safety performance; improper cleaning and unusable materials; destiny; low tool maintenance; supervisory fault; and misplacing objects. Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) conducted a more comprehensive study in the USA and classified the causes into human and physical factors. Human factors were due failed to secure and warn; Failed to wear personal protective equipment (PPE); horseplay; operating equipment without authority; operating at unsafe speed; personal factor; remove safety device; serviced moving and energized equipment; took unsafe position or posture; used defective tool or equipment; and other unsafe action. While, physical factors were due to; unsafe act of another person(s); disregard know n prescribed procedures; defects of accident source; dress or apparel hazard; environmental hazard; fire hazard; hazardous arrangement; hazardous method; housekeeping hazard; improper assignment of personnel; inadequately guarded; public hazard; and other unsafe conditions. Lubega et al (2000) did a study in Uganda and concluded the causes of accidents were mainly due to lack of awareness of safety regulations; lack of enforcement of safety regulations; poor regard for safety by people involved in construction projects; engaging incompetent personnel; non-vibrant professionalism; mechanical failure of construction machinery/equipment; physical and emotional stress; and chemical impairment. Pipitsupaphol and Watanabe (2000) did a study in Thailand construction sites and classified the causes into the most influential factors i.e. unique nature of the industry; job site conditions; unsafe equipment; unsafe methods; human elements; and management factors. They further concluded that major immediate causes were due to failure to use personal protective equipment; improper loading or placement of equipment or supplies; failure to warn co-workers or to secure equipment; and improper use of equipment. Toole (2002) also did a study in the USA and suggested that the causes of accidents were due to lack of proper training; deficient enforcement of safety; safety equipment not provided; unsafe methods or sequencing; unsafe site conditions; not using provided safety equipment; poor attitude toward safety; and isolated and sudden deviation from prescribed behavior. Tam et al (2004) did a study in China and noticed that the causes of accidents were due poor safety awareness from top leaders; lack of training; poor safety awareness of project managers; reluctance to input resources for safety; reckless operation; lack of certified skill labor; poor equipment; lack of first aid measures; lack of rigorous enforcement of safety regulation; lack of organizational commitment; low education level of workers; poor safety conscientiousness of workers; lack of personal protective equipment (PPE); ineffective operation of safety regulation; lack of technical guidance; lack of strict operational pro cedures; lack of experienced project managers; shortfall of safety regulations; lack of protection in material transportation; lack of protection in material storage; lack of teamwork spirits; excessive overtime work for labor; shortage of safety management manual; lack of innovative technology; and poor information flow. 2.3.1 Accident Causation Models The accident causality model is not a new model to determine the root causes of safety problems in the construction and other industries. The accident causation model is a tool that providing better industrial accident prevention program. As described by Heinrich (1980) accident prevention is an integral program, a series of coordinate activities, directed to the control of unsafe personal performance and unsafe mechanical conditions, and based on certain knowledge, attitudes, and abilities. The famous models that were developed that relate to accident causation are namely domino theory that was invented by Heinrich in 1930 and multiple causation theory that was developed by Petersen in 1971. 2.3.4 Human Error Theories The practice of this theory is pointed out that the worker as a major factor in the accident. This theory as mentioned by Abdelhamid (2000) studies the tendency of humans to make mistake in a variety of conditions and circumstances, with the blame mostly fall on human characteristics. This theory does not mean to blame the workers as the main problem for accident, other factors such as workplace design and tasks without considering the limitation of the worker as the reason why accident happened in construction site. The objective of human error theory is to establish a good design of workplace, tasks, and tools that suitable with human limitation. The theory is that it comes to human error theory, which is a model of patterns of behavior and human factors. Most of these theories describe that the human (worker) is the main problem caused an accident happen, which is permanent feature of human and human capacity overload and human conditions that often make mistake. 2.4 Root Causes of Accident The root causes mean the main causes of accident happen in the construction site. There are some roots causes of accident happen in the construction site. The causes of accident can separate in 4 parts, which are: Peoples role Organization and management Nature of construction industry Material and Equipment 2.4.1 Peoples Role 2.4.1.1 Worker Attitude and Behaviour One of the roots causes of an accident is the poor attitude and bad behaviour of the workers which difficult to control (Teo et al., 2005). The original manual workers in the industrialization of agriculture, and reduce the risk of awareness with the construction industry. Furthermore, most of the workers are low educated. Most of them are only concern with the contract wages than importance of personal safety. This negative attitude and behaviour have stimulated most workers not to use the personal protective equipment during working on construction site. The reason of not putting their protective equipments is inconvenient for their operation. Rasmussen (1997) identified that 70%-80% of accidents happened arise from worker attitude and behaviour. 2.4.1.2 Worker Attitude and Behaviour Previous studied have pointed out that the designer play an important role in determined causation of an accident (Gibb, (1999, 2001); McKay et al., 2002; Loughborough University UMIST, 2003; Wright et al., 2003). The accident was mainly due to the widespread use of manual handling. As a result, it introduces a lot of manual handling hazards. For examples, cast in-situ method. Furthermore, the design complexity has dedicated to the causation of accident. The design complexity is referring to the intricate aesthetic qualities. Base on Loughborough University and UMIST (2003) studied, the more complexity of design tend to have a greater potential to influence accident occurrence in workplace. 2.4.2 Organization and Management 2.4.2.1 Poor Management Commitment After the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), (2009b) conducted a survey, the result shown 75% of all fatal accidents in the building and civil engineering industries in the United Kingdom are caused by the ineffective of management. Nowadays, the contractor is more reliance on the insurance, contractor tends to passed most of the damages and liability to insurance company (Lingard H, Rowlinson S, 1997). As a result, contractor may not provide appropriate training and focus on workplace safety and health issues. The workers involved in site activities may not be aware of the danger zone. In some cases, safety and health officers are threatened by their employer no to report an accident to Department Safety and Health (DOSH, 2011). Many accidents do not report because the project manager is trying to cover up their own fault and protect company image. Normally, the safety management process require site supervisor to carry out on-site inspection and prepare a number of safety and health checklist. However, many contractors only put in commitments on paper, act differently in the site (Ding et al., 2000). For examples, the OSHA 1994 personnel protective equipments record in Malaysia. 2.4.2.2 Poor Communication and Coordination In the construction site, the effective communication and information transfer between management and staff are the effective way to reduce the number of accidents. However, there are many site workers came from foreign country. Some of the workforce does not speak and understand native language. As a result, the safety committee need to convey the danger zone and potential accidents may occur on the site. Furthermore, Debrah YA, Ofori G (2001), the large number of involvement of sub-contractor, the possibility of accidents occurrence is increase as well. It is because going to increase the complexity in coordinate and control among the sub-contractor. Besides that, the main contractor may shift the safety responsibility toward sub-contractor without ensure the sub-contractor is capable to provide the safety workplace (Wilson, Kohen E, 2000). 2.4.2.3 Company Size The company size has determined the implementation of safety and health within an organization. The big company has more budget and systematic system in allocation of resources for each department. As a result, the safety and health department have sufficient resources to implement and promote the importance of safety and health at the construction site. Unfortunately, the small company has limited and lack of budgets to implement the effective safety and health approaches within the construction site (Abel Pinto et al., 2001). For examples, a small contractor company cannot afford to provide a set of standard safety equipments for every workforce. A studied by McVittie et al. (1997) indicated that accident rates decrease as the sizes of firms increase. 2.4.2.4 Poor Organization Safety Culture The contractor fails to introduce the culture of safety among the members of the organization. The safety organization chart setup due to the purposes of the law require by the government. However, the safety and health officer does not have mandatory requirement for autonomy in the workplace (Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM)). It is because some of the safety officer is employee for the contractor and developer. The researchers Diaz and Cabrera (1997) pointed out that an organizational climate is built up through the interaction of organizational factor and individual factors. Many studies had conducted (Coyle, Sleeman, Adams, 1995; Diaz and Cabrera, 1997; Felknor, 1997; Krispin, 1997; Seppala, 1992) the lower the score of a safety climate, the worst the safety performance. It is because the members within an organizational will never pay attention to the safety and health level. Beck Woolfson (1999), emphasize that it is important in control workforce beliefs, attitude and behaviours with regard to safety. As a result, poor organization safety culture is one of the roots causes lead to the occurrence of an accident. 2.4.3 Nature of Construction Industry 2.4.3.1 Economic and Time Pressure Economic and time pressure had come from the high demand in property market (Abel Pinto et al., 2001). The developer required contractor to complete a construction project within a short period of time. In order to complete the project on time, the contractors relax rules and procedure for safety and health. For example, carry out reckless operations. Furthermore, the workforce is required to work overtime. It is easy to cause the accident due to the fatigue of worker (Haslam et al., 2005). 2.4.3.2 Constantly Changing Worksite The construction industry is not same to others type industry. For the manufacture industry, the workers repeat and control the machine every day. However, construction industry involves the movement of manual workers in the workplace (Abel Pinto et al., 2009). The more movement in the site, the possibilities of accident will be keep increasing. 2.4.3.3 Site Restriction A restricted site has implied insufficient space on site. Thus, there is limited space for machine, plant and storage of building material. The restricted site will have been introduced as an unexpected persistent cause of accidents (Gibb, (1999, 2001); McKay et al., 2002; Loughborough University UMIST, 2003; Wright et al., 2003). A congested site condition not only implied of dual processing of work. However, it causes an accident as a result of a worker struck by a moving vehicle (HSE, 2009b). 2.4.3.4 Worker Specialization Every construction project is involved structural, architectural, brick wall, ME and plumbing work. Each kind of

The Mark Twain Thesis :: essays research papers

Mark Twain To look at that person on the honor role, who's the best athlete, has the newest car, and gets all the ladies. Or the person in art class who continually produces the best art work and ruins the grade curve for the rest of us. Few things are harder to put up with than the annoyance of a good example. Throughout his life Mark Twain continued to produce masterpiece writing leaving no good example un-battered. A man who gets his dream job, and is despised by the whole town of just dreamers. A person who's convictions are stronger than his flesh. And a seemingly harmless man, who tells the story as it should be told and comes under the utter annoyance of the narrator. Imperfect characterization played an , obvious, major role in his writings proving that few things annoyed him more than a good example. The pose that Twain takes to his characters that seem to be striving for excellence is quite unique. In an excerpt from Life On The Mississippi Twain tells us of a man with a dream. As imperfection has it this man's dream did not come true. But his friend's similar dream , however, did. The narrator tells us through a blanket of jealousy how this man was perpetually annoying, and how, 'there was nothing generous about this fellow and his greatness.'; Like many of Twain's writings this excerpt shows us a man with convictions as he looks at a seemingly good example and puts it under a different light. Convictions that shine through in what could quite possibly be a realistic situation (in Twain's accounts of them) shimmer with imperfection. In a part of Roughing It Twain brings us to a camp of three men. Under the inclination that they are all about to die, these men start to ponder what they could have done with the rest of their lives. They all end up making promises to themselves that they fully believe they will not have to keep. Promises of, 'reform'; and 'examples to the rising generation.'; In what would seem to be a surreal end to a story of repenters continues on. These men find themselves in a comical situation and end up surviving. So what happens to the promises they never gave a thought to having to keep but for the few moments it takes a man to freeze to death in the dead cold of winter?

Growth of Telecommunications Systems

Books Wright, Michael and Mukul Patel. 2000. Scientific American – How Things Work Today. London: Marshall Publishing Ltd. B. 1 The world is currently in the middle of a communications revolution as dramatic as the Industrial Revolution that created our modern society two centuries ago. The growth of telecommunications systems, the arrival of the Internet, and the proliferation of computers in every aspect of our lives are transforming both industrial and knowledge-based economies round the world. Higher disposable incomes and increased leisure time are also fuelling demand for luxury electronic goods and new forms of entertainment.Since the British inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1877, telephony has become the most important form of distance communication. The telephone network is now truly global, with submarine cables and communications satellites linking every continent. This globe-spanning network handles phone calls, fax transmissions, and intern et traffic. The long-distance â€Å"backbones† of the telephone network are high capacity optical-fiber cables. Lower-capacity copper cables connect individual phones to the network. The analog signal from an ordinary phone is sampled 4,000 times per second and converted into an 8-bit ddigital signal.Several conversations can then be transmitted simultaneously down the same cable, using a technique known as multiplexing, which increases the capacity of the network. Routing calls through the telephone network is done automatically be telephone exchanges. In near future, the telephone network may also carry video and music channels, interactive televisions, videophone calls. Analog signal – Analog electric signals from ordinary phones are carried by copper cable to the local exchange. Base station – The base station receiving the sthrongest signal from a cell phone routes the call to the cell phone exchange.Cell – The cell phone network is divided into hexa gonal cells, each with a base station in the middle. Cell phone exchange – Calls are routed to the main exchange or direct to a base station by the cell phone exchange. Cell phone network – Base stations send ddigital information to the cell phone exchange over optical-fiber or copper cable. Communication satellite – Orbiting satellites are used to route calls between places not linked by a cable. Ddigital signal – Ddigital information is multiplexed, allowing multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously. Fax machine – Fax transmissions are sent over the telephone network.Line-of-sight microwave link – Digitized call from local exchanges are often routed to the main exchange via terrestrial microwave links. Local exchange – The local exchange digitizes calls for long-distance transmission. Long-distance or international connection – Optical fibers are used to transmit long-distance calls, many optical fiber cables are laid on the seabed. Main exchange – The main exchange handles communications between ordinary phones and the cell phone network and routes long-distance and international calls. Microwaves – Ddigital information is sent from cell phones to base stations using microwave frequencies.Moving cell phone – Mobility is the prime asset of the cell phone. Optical fibers – Transmitting ddigital information by light pulses enables many calls to be sent down one fiber simultaneously. Satellite uplink – Encrypted ddigital information is sent to satellites using microwave frequencies. Seamless reconnection – As the cell phone moves from one cell to another, the call is rerouted from one base station to the next, without the break in the conversation. Urban cell – Cell are smaller in urban areas, giving the network greater capacity. Weakening Signal – As the cell phone moves farther away from the base station, the signal weakens. —- Tanenb aum, Andrew S. and Maareten van Steen. 2002. Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. B. 2 A process is often defined as a program in execution, that is, a program that is currently being executed on one of the operating system’s virtual pprocessors. An important issue is that the operating system takes great care to ensure that independent processes cannot maliciously or inadvertently affect the correctness of each other’s behavior. In other words, the fact that multiple processes may be concurrently sharing the same CPU and other hardware resources is made transparen't.Usually, the operating system requires hardware support to enforce this separation. B. 2 Threads in Distributed Systems – An important property of threads is that they can provide a convenient mearns of allowing blocking system calls without blocking the entire process in which the thread is running. This property makes threads particularly attractive to use in distributed systems as it makes it much easier to express communication in the form of maintaining multiple logical connections at the same time. We illustrate this point by taking a closer look at multithreaded clients and servers, respectively. B. 2Clients and Servers – In the basic client-server model, processes in a distributed system are divided into two (possibly overlapping) groups. A server is a process implementing a specific service, for example, a file system service or a database service. A client is a process that requests a service from a server by sending it a request and subsequently waiting for the server’s reply. This client-server interaction, also known as request-reply behavior. B. 2Communication between a client and a server can be implemented by mearns of a simple connectionless protocol when the underlying network is fairly reliable as in many local-area networks.In these cases, when a client requests a service, it simply packages a message f or the server, identifying the service it wants, along with the necessary input data. The message in then sent to the server. The latter, in turn, will always wait for an incoming request, subsequently process it, and package the results in a reply message that is then sent to the client. Page 657 Communication – All communication in the Web between clients and servers is based on the Hypertext transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP is a relatively simple client-server protocol; a client sends a request message to a server and waits for a response message.An important property of HTTP is that it is stateless. In other words, it does not have any concept of open connection and does not require a server to maintain information on its clients. The most recent version of HTTP is described in (Fielding et al. , 1999). Page 648 The World Wide Web (WWW) can be viewed as a huge distributed system consisting of millions of clients and servers for accessing linked documents. Servers maintain c ollections of documents, while clients provide users an easy-to-use interface for presenting and accessing those documents.The Web started as a project at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, to let its large and geographically dispersed group of researchers provide access to shared documents using a simple hypertext system. A document could be anything that could be displayed on a user’s computer terminal, such as personal notes, reports, figures, blueprints, drawings, and so on. By linking documents to each other, it became easy to iintegrate documents from different projects into a new document without the necessity for centralized changes.The only thing needed was to construct a document providing links to other relevant documents (see also Berners-Lee et al. , 1994). Since 1994, Web developments are primarily initiated and controlled by the World Wide Web Consortium, a collaboration between CERN and M. I. T. this consortium is responsible for standar dizing protocols, improving interoperability, and further enhancing the capabilities of the Web. Its home page can be found at http://www. w3. org/. —– London, Sherry. 2000. Illustrator 9 f/x & Design. Arizona: The Coriolis Group, LLC. Page 427 Image resolution seems to be a tricky and complex topic the most people.I usually urge folks to work in pixels inside the Photoshop because pixels are fixed: A 900-pixel-wide image contains 900 pixels, regardless of its ppl. However, if the ppl is set to 300, the 900-pixel image prints at 3 inches wide; if the ppl is set to 100, the 900-pixel image prints 9 inches wide – but it still contains only 900 pixel across. Therefore, I find it much easier to think in pixels. —– Harb, M. 1989. Modern Telephony. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Page 9 The Telephone of Today The end user or subscriber is the main concern in any communication link. The subscriber can be either a private part or a business.In all cases, t he telephone set is used to transmit and receive, sequentially or simultaneously. The Telephone Set The telephone set is an instrument used to transmit and receive information or calls sequentially or simultaneously, thus permitting one party to communicate with another. For this communicate to take place, the telephone set must have the following component: a transmitter, a receiver, bell, a dialer, and a switchhook. Page 150-152 Cellular mobile communication is considered to be the breakthrough that could revolutionize the way businesses think about and use the most common of communication tools – the telephone.The cellular mobile telephone is found most often in cars, using low-power radio-frequency carriers to transmit and receive messages in small geographical units called cells. Before the introduction of cellular technology, most North American cities were using high-power radio-frequency transmitters for mobile telephone transmission. Even if a subscriber was lucky en ough to have the service, the number of channels was limited, and consequently the possibility of having access to a free line was very slim. Furthermore, once the subscriber got access to a line, the voice quality was poor and privacy almost nonexistent.This is not the case with the cellular mobile system. With the new technology, subscribers are guaranteed access to a free line 99. 9% of the time. The quality of the voice is comparable to that of regular telephone transmission, and privacy is guaranteed. Cellular mobiles became available in the United States in 1979, when Ameritech Mobile Communications began serving 2000 subscribers in the city of Chicago. By 1985, over 30,000 subscribers in the United Stated were using cellular mobiles, and this number continues to grow in the United States as well as in Canada, the European nations, Japan, and many more.Operation of a Cellular Mobile System Since is not feasible to set up a communication link between two moving cars using a sta ndard telephone line, it is necessary to use a wireless system with a radio antenna to send and receive telephone conversation over the air. The term â€Å"cellular† is derived from the word â€Å"cell. † Cities or towns are divided into geographic areas called cells, each with its own transmitter and receiver. Each cell has a low-power transmission capability, thus making its signal too weak to interfere with other cells with ssimilar frequencies.Generally, the frequency occupied by two subscribers within the same cell cannot be used by any other subscribers within that cell. The diagram of a cellular system shown in Figure 12. 1 demonstrates the process of relaying messages from car telephone (or portable telephone) to the cell site’s low-powered transmitter, to the Cantel switching office or MTSO (mobile telephone switching office), and to the wireline telephone company’s switching office, to allow interconnection with the existing telephone system. Th e message is â€Å"handed off† from one cell site transmitter to the next as the caller crosses a cell boundary, without interruption.A master computer keeps track of which cells are using which frequencies (see Figure 12. 1), and when a subscriber wishes to call a subscriber outside his or her cell, the computer may reassign frequencies. As a subscriber moves from one cell to the next, the assigned frequency may change, but the subscriber will at all times be served without interference (Figure 12. 2). —– Meyers, Mike. 2003. Introduction to PC Hardware and Troubleshooting. Asia: McGraw-Hill / Osborne. Page 390 Much of what makes modern computers so powerful is their ability to connection in small or large groups, or networks, and share files and resources.Every PC tech worth knowing the basics of networking. After all, why get into computing if you can’t while away an afternoon gaming with your buddies, all from the comfort of your computer chair? How Ne tworks Work A network enables two or more computers to share data, hardware such as printers, and even applications. The computers must have some conneactivity, of course: some way for the signal from one machine to reach the other. In addition, the hardware must be compatible and the software set up so that the receiving computer can understand what the sending machine sends.Think of two kids chatting over walkie-talkie as a network for communication to occur, the hardware has to be in range for the signal, and it has to be from the same set, and the kids need to speak the same language. Networks work ssimilarly. Computers connect in two basic ways: In dial-up networks in Local Area Networks. In dial-up connection, your computer uses a telephone line to connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP), which then gives you access to other computers, perhaps at your office or somewhere on the Internet.Computers in a Local Area Network, on the other hand, are connected to a central box – either by cables or by radio waves – through which they can communicate with each other and, if some machine on the network has the appreciate connection, with other computers on the Internet. Let’s look at how both types of network function before we turn to the nuts and bolts of installing and setting up networks. Dial-Up Networks The most common network connection consists of three pieces: a modem, a working telephone line, and an ISP.The modem enables the computer to communicate via phone lines. The phone line provides the link between the modem and the computers at the ISP. The ISP computers connect to the Big Kahuna of all networks, the Internet. Property installed you to surf, shop, and otherwise explore websites hosted by computers all over the world. Tune in and turn on to dial-up networking. The venerable modem has to recent years been challenged by two new consumer technologies for accessing the Internet so-called â€Å"cable-modems† and DSL (Ddigital Subscriber Line) service.Your computer’s basic need for some kind of pipeline to communicate over hasn’t charged – just the choice of pipeline and the way it’s used. Both technologies take advantage of unused capacity on widely available transmission media. Cable modems use the cables already in place in many homes for receiving cable TV signals as their pipeline to the Internet, rather than the telephone system. The cable TV companies take advantage of the fact that their cable TV signals occupy only a fraction of the capacity of the coaxial cables running into your home.Adding a cable modem to your computer enables it to use the cable TV connection as its pipeline to the Internet. Cable modems aren’t actually â€Å"modems† at all in the sense that the signals they send and receive are entirely ddigital, but because they perform the same function, they go by the same name. you can install an external cable modem to a port (usually USB) on your computer. Page 394 Modem Technology The modem solves one of the problems with the use of analog voice lines to move ddigital data. Modems take incoming analog serial data – in this case, the signal coming over the telephone line- and turn it into ddigital serial data.Likewise, modems turn the signal flowing out of the PC into analog data than can be transferred over the telephone line. This process – called modulation / demodulation – provides the name for the technology: MOdulation / DEModulation, get it! Phone lines have a speed based on a unit called a baud, which is one cycle per second. The fastest rate that a phone line can achieve is 2,400 baud. Modem can pack multiple bits of data into each baud; a 33. 6 kilobits per second (Kbps) modem, for example, packs 14 bits into every baud: 2,400 x 14 = 33. 6 Kbps.It is technically incorrect to say, â€Å"I have a 56 K baud modem. † You should instead say, â€Å"’I have a 56 Kbps modem . † However, people use the term baud instead of bps so other that the terms have become functionally synonymous. Page 415 A network enables two or more computers to share data, hardware such as printers, and even applications. Computers connect in two basic ways: dial-up networks and Local Area Networks. A standard dial-up network connection consists of these pieces: a modem, a working telephone line, and an Internet Service Provider (ISP).To make a LAN work, you need to ensure those things: conneactivity, compatibility, and proper setup of hardware and software. Data is broken up and sent between computers in small chunks called packets and then reassembled. Page 1 Everything in your computer fits into one of two categories: hardware or software. Anything on your computer that you can touch is hardware. However, hardware alone cannot handle all of the PC’s complex activities – it needs the help of software. Software is the technical word for computer programs, the sets of instructions that tell the hardware how to do things.Computer programs are often compared to cooking rrecipes. The recipe tells you how to use the tools to manipulate the ingredients, and if all goes well, you produce something edible. In the same way, software instruct the hardware has it manipulates data to produce the desired results, whether that’s a memo, a ddigital picture, or an email message. Figure 1. 1 shows a sample of program code. —– Stamper, David A. 2001. Local Area Networks – Third Edition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Page 135-137 Classes of Software The reason for having a computing system is to solve problems and accomplish the business’ work.The software that does this is called application software. Ordinarily, application software operates in an environment that makes writing and using the application software easier. The environment-creating software can be separated into network management, development and net work access. Application Software As we mentioned at the beginning of this section, the main reason we use computing system is to solve business or scientific problems. Thus, the computer and its extension, the network, are simply problem-solving tools.Tthroughout history, humankind has constantly built new tools and improved on those already invented. At the beginning of the computer era, computers were quite primitive tools (at least by today’s standards). Programmers at the dawn of the computing age needed to know not only the nuances of the business problem they were solving but also many of the intricacies of the hardware their solution would be running on. In today’s application environment, we have a supporting cast of software that helps to create an application environment that is mostly hardware independent.Operating System Software Today, we are so need to using OSs to create the system environment that we take them for granted. However, we were into the sec ond generation of computers before OSs appeared and into the third generation of computers before OSs became common. You may correctly infer from this that OSs are not absolutely necessary and, in the early years of personal computing, a vvariety of applications run without using the services of an OS. The IBM Personal Computer (PC) came equipped with a BASIC interpreter in a read-only memory.Thus, if you did not have the disk operating system (DOS), you could still use your computer by writing and running BASIC programs. Without DOS, BASIC was the operating environment. Furthermore, a few early programs functioned in a stand-alone mode. These programs where on a diskette and were loaded when the computer was loaded. In this mode, if you wanted to run another program, you swapped disk and rebooted. Without an OS, the application program is responsible for accomplishing many hardware-oriented functions such as input/output (I/O) and memory management.Because these task are common to all applications, software engineers developed OS software. The OS manages the resources of the computer and creates an application environment in which it is easier to develop and use application software because the OS takes care of a vvariety of functions formerly done by applications. Some of these functions are: †¢ Memory management †¢ File management †¢ User interface †¢ I/O interfaces †¢ Resource allocation †¢ Accounting †¢ Protection/security Today, systems running on a LAN are more sophisticated that the early systems that ran without an OS; a LAN node without an OS is unthinkable.Memory Management – When the computer is started, the OS is loaded into memory a certain portion of the available memory is constantly occupied by the resident portion of the OS. The OS manages the remaining memory and allocates it among itself and the requesting processes according to a memory management scheme adopted by the OS designers. Most current OS s use a memory management algorithm called virtual memory. With virtual memory, the disk is used as an extension of real memory. A process may be thought of as consisting of pages of data and code.File Management – A disk is a raw storage device. It has the ability to store bits of data but inherently does not have the ability to organize those bits into files, files into directories, and so on. The OS provides this level of disk organization. it establish the data structure that allows users to create partitions, directories volumes, and other disk subdivisions. Some file management systems allow multiple disks to be combines into one logical disk. The file management system allows users to create, delete, and access files.The file management system maintains the directory structure and store directory and file information such as the date and time last modified, end-of-file pointer, and the file or directories’ locations on disk. Obviously, there are fundamental aspe cts of using a system. User Interface – When a programmer begins to write a program, an environment is created for that user. If you are a programmer, you may need to use a text editor, compiler, link editor, and application program interface (API), which allows you to use OS procedures to carry out activities such as creating a new file, or starting a new process.Sometimes a compiler or interpreter includes the API interfaces. Protection Security – Today, nearly everyone is aware that security is an important aspect of computer usage. The OS provides the base on which security is established. We expect the OS to prevent user programs from crashing the system and to eliminate the intrusion of one program into the memory occupied by another program’s data. In shared systems, we also expect the OS and the file management system to provide certain levels of file security. Commonly, an OS will at least provide capabilities that allow administrators to define which u sers can read, write, or erase a file.